Apparatus for treating gases



May 10, 193s. B. M. CARTER 2,116,748

APPARATUS FOR TREATING GASES f4 frz 'w BY 6.9 ffl ,il l? y ATTORNEY May 10, 1938. B. M. CARTER 2,116,748

APP RATUS FVOR TREATING GASES Original Filed Aug. ll, 1950 3 Sheets--Sheerl 2 Malin/RE .NVENTOR CONTA/NW6 8. M C'azer May 10, 1938. B, M. CARTER APPARATUS FOR TREATING GASES 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Original Filed Aug. ll, 1950 INVENTOR 5M. CarZ'er BY? i ATTORNEY I Patented May 1o, 193s APPARATUS FOB TREATING GASES Bernard 1u. carter, Montclair, N. J., signor to General Chemical Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York VOriginal application August ll, 1930, Serial No.

Divided and this application January 3l, 1936, Serial N0. 61,697

6 Claims.

intimate admixture of a gas and a liquid. The.

invention is of general application for treatments involving physical and/or chemical interactions between liquids and gases, and includes, for excovery, ammonia absorption, nitric acid absorption, sulfur burning, and the drying of. gases such as air and sulfurous gases. One phase of the invention is particularly directed to the drying 15- of gases, and for convenience only, the invention will be described in connection with the treatment or drying of sulfurous gases prior to the utilization of the same in 'the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Heretofore, the drying of sulfurous gases, prior to employment of the same in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, has been commonly effected by passing the gas upwardly through a drying tower suitably packed with quartz or tile against a countercurrent flow of sulfuric acid which is caused to trickle down over the packing in the tower. It will be understood that the primary problem in such drying operation, and in p fact in all such processes involving the intimate contacting of a gas and a liquid, -is to obtain a uniform distribution of the treating liquid throughout the treatment zone, and to secure an intimate and s'uiiiciently prolonged admixture of liquid and gas. Uneven distribution of treating liquid gives rise to channeling, the result of which is poor contacting of gas and liquid as a whole, and in many instances, total lack o f, contact between some portions of the gas and liquid. As noted, such treatments, particularly the treatment and drying of gases by acid, have been usually conducted by countercurrent-ilow of liquid and gas. Varying degrees of satisfaction have been obtained in the drying of gases by acid, by the provision of a comparatively large number of distributing pipes and nozzles in the top of a drying tower or treating chamber. Such equipment, to obtain a satisfactory distribution of liquid to any extent, necessarily involves the utilization of a large number of liquid or acid outlets, such outlets being individually of small cross-section. From time to time, the acid or liquid outlets of small cross-section become clogged and stopped up by foreign material in the liquid. The result is a cessation of liquid or acid flow through such outlet oroutlets with the consequent channeling ample among others, treatments in solvent re- (Cl. 261-l18) in treating chamber, and the passage of gas therethrough without subjecting the same to the action of the treating liquid.- Corrosion of the necessarily lightly constructed liquid outlets irequently results in leakage and introduction of sizable acid orliquid streams into the treating chamber, and such liquid then becomes mechanically entrained in the gas stream and gives rise to `diiiiculties further on in the process.

The present invention aims primarily to provide apparatus by which a more even distribution of a treating liquid through a given treating or reaction zone ay be obtained, and by which an intimate an evenly dispersed mixture of liquid and gas may be initially secured and subsequently maintained throughout the period of vcontact of the liquid and gas. Briey, the invention provides apparatus for carrying outV a process involving the introduction of a gas and a liquid, for example a gas to be dried such as a sulfurous gas, and a drying agent such as sulfuric acid, into a reaction chamber or drying tower, initially forming an intimate mixture of the gas and the liquid by causing the liquid to be evenly dispersed throughout the gas stream, and then prolonging the contact of the gas and the liquid bypassing the gas v and the liquid in co-ow relation through the treating chamber. The invention further com.- prehends in a general way apparatus for forming an intimate mixture of a gas and a liquid which includes the introduction of a sheet of liquid into a stream of rapidly moving 'gas' in such manner as to intersect the gas stream, and substantially simultaneously on the initial contact of the gas and liquid causing an expansion and a decrease in velocity of the gas stream, and an increase in dispersion of the particles thereof to thus effect an initial mixture of gas and liquid and a substantially complete dispersal of liquid particles throughout the gas stream.

The invention is especially directed to the provision of apparatus for eiecting the improved process, the apparatus being of such simplicity of design and composed of so few operative parts, that the same may be solidly and ruggedly constructed in such manner as to reduce maintenance to a minimum, and to effect great economies in primary installation costs. I

Other objects and features of novelty will be apparent from the following description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which- Fig. 1 is a composite vertical section of the drying tower. That portion of Fig. 1 below the line A-A is a vertical section on the line B-B of Fig. 2; and that portion of Figel above the line A-A is a vertical section on the line C-C oi Fig. 2;.

Fig. 2 is a plan view of the drying tower;

Fig. 3 is a horizontal section on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a composite vertical section similar to Fig. 1 of a modied form of theinvention;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged vertical section of a distributing valve; and

Fig. 6 is a horizontal section on the line 3--3 oi Fig. 5.

The tower I0 comprises a cylindrical steel shell or body II welded or otherwise attached at its lower edge to a circular base member I2, and provided at Vits upper edge with a horizontally dis* posed ilangemember I3 riveted or otherwise secured to the steel shell. The drying tower may v rest on any suitable support as indicated at I4.

The shell I I is lined on the sides and bottom with a. layer of chemical lead I5. It will be be observed that the upper edge of lead lining I5 extends above the upper edge of the steel shell, and

is attened out to form an annular rim covering the upper surface ofthe flange I3. Within the lead lining I5, the steel shell is further lined with a layer of acid-proof brick, indicated generally at I6. yThe brick lining is secured and held in place by a layer of cement composed for example of a mixture of silicate of soda and silex, inter-` posed between the lead lining and the outer faces of the bricks. The bottom of the tower is covered with a comparatively heavy layer I8 of acid-proof brick. It is to be observed that the bricks I3 in the lower section of the cylindrical portion of the tower are placed horizontally, and the bricks running to the top of the shell I I are set on edge. The upper layer of horizontally disposed bricks I9 provides a circular ledge 28 which aiords a support for the outer circumference of the outer grille bars 2|. The brick lining in the upper section of the tower terminates at the top end of the steel shell |I.

The tower is provided with a manhole 22, the casing 23 of which is set in cement into the lower wall of the tower and suitably riveted to the shell I I. At the opening in the tower wall for the manhole casing 23, the lead lining I5 is projected inwardly around the inner end of the casing 23. and thence outwardly throughout the inside of the casing to provide a lead lining for the same. The outer end of the lead lining of the manhole casing 23 terminates in an annular ilange 24 covering the end flange of the casing 23. The leadlined manhole cover 25 is detachably held in place by suitable clamps or bolts not shown. The drying tower is provided at its lower ends with the gas outlets 26 and 21, and the acid outlets 23, 29 and 38. The casings forming the gas and' acid outlets are set into the lower wall of the tower in a similar manner as described in connection with the manhole casing 23.

The circular bearing ring 35 is arranged as shown in Fig. 1 and rests on suitable acid-proof brickwork 36. An annular groove 3l is cut into the upper surface of the ring 35 and is adapted to receive the lower ends of the several sections of the center grille support indicated generally at 38. The center grille support 33 vis madeln separate sections of a size convenient for handling, which when assembled in place on the bearing ring 35. as shown in Fig. 1, ail'ord suitable support for the inner ends of the outer grille bars 2|, and for the center grille bars 33. As shown, the sections of the grille support 33 have formed on their upper ends the inner and outer ledges 40 and 4I. The ledge 4| forms a support for the inner ends of the outer grille bars 2|, and the inner ledge 43 provides a support for the center grille bars 39.

The grille bars may be of any suitable construction. The outer bars may comprise a series e of individual bars each supported at its ends by ledges 20 and 4|, or for convenience, the outer grille bars may be formed in a series of segmental portions indicated generally as at 42 in Fig. 3. In the present embodiment of the invention, the center grille bars 39 are all casttogether in a single circular unit 43. The grille bars, the grille bar support 38 and the bearing ring 35 are all made of some such suitable material, duriron for example, which is substantially unaffected by the action of the acid and gas in the drying tower.

The tower is provided with packing indicated generally at 44. The packing may consist of spiral tiles stacked on the grille bars in any suitable manner, and extending from the grille bars Vv.upwardly to within a few inches of the upper edge of the steel shell I I.

'Ihe cylindrical section of the tower is surmounted by a steel cone-shaped top indicated generally at 45. The lower edge of the top 45 has welded or otherwise iixed thereto the horizontally projecting flange 46 which, in conjunction with the several bolts 4l, aifords means for connecting the cone-shaped top to the shell II. The upper end ofthe cone-shaped top member 45 terminates in a substantially cylindrical section 48 having attached to its upper edge a horizontally projecting flange 49.

The top member 45 is provided with a manhole 50, and an acid inlet pipe opening 5|. The manhole opening 50 is formed by an outwardly projecting somewhat cylindrical member 52 terminating in an annular flange 52'. The manhole cover 53 is detachably held in place bysuitable bolts 54. 'I'he acid inlet pipe opening 5| is similarly formed, and terminates with .a circular ange 55 to which the acid pipe flange indicated generally at 56 may be attached by bolts 54.

The cone top 45 is provided with a. lead lining 51, the lower circular edge of which is clamped between the anges I3 and 48. The lead sheeting extends upwardly, and thence outwardly through the manhole 5D and the acid inlet pipe opening 5|. The ilanges on the vends of the outwardly projecting lining portions are so arranged as to permit-clamping the same between the manhole cover 53, ilange 52', and between the pipe tlange 56 and the ilange 55. At the upper end of the top member 45, the lead lining does not follow the contour of the cylindrical portion 48, but continues its upward cone-shaped formation as indicated between the points 58 and 59, and ends in a horizontally disposed circular flange which is clamped between the ilange 49 and the ring 83. The lead lining between the points 58 and59 is supported by suitable lead ribs, not shown, so as to maintain the approximate conical formation as shown in the drawings. The upper circular end of the approximately cone-shaped lead lining may be considered as defining the inletv of the drying tower.

'I'he lead flue 6I, the transverse cross-section oi' which is continuously diminished as the end of the ilue is approached, terminates in a horlzontally projecting circular ilange 32` which is clamped together with the Iiange on the upper end of the lead lining of the cone-shaped top ot the tower between the flange 49 and the ring 33.

The numeral 35. indicates the acid inlet pipe ,5

`formed integrally with the hand wheel 88. 'I'he having on its outer end. a ilange 68 'aiording means for connecting the pipe to an acid or other liquid feed line.V 'I'he acid inlet pipe is provided with a collar portion "forming a seat for the inlet pipe ange 56. As shown in Fig. 2, the ilange 56 comprises two sections 68 and 88. the sections including cooperating flanges 18 and 1|, each having senil-circular portions which are adapted to seat on the collar portion 61 of the pipe 85. The two sections 68 and 69 are bolted to-V gether by bolts 12, and thus form the unitary flange member 56. The inner side of the ilat face of the flange 56 and the inner sides of flanges 18 and 1| are lead lined as indicated in Fig. 1.V

A projection 15 formed on the lowerA side of the inlet pipe 65 registers witlra seat 16 cast with and forming a part of the acid inlet'pipe supporting bar 11. The supporting member 11 is a single bar having on either end projections 18- which are adapted to rest in and be supported by thev lower circumference of the manhole 58 and the opening 5| as clearlyY shown in Fig. 1.

The inlet end of the pipe 65 includes an upwardly extending section terminating in the rounded annular lip.8|v whichcooperates vwitl'r a distributing valve indicated generally at l822+;for introducing the acid or other liquid intofthe tower in the form of; a coneshaped sheet. 1 v

The constructionpfitheV acidjdistributingivalve i the 1 Bland-the manner off its; 'associationl inn'er endottiie acid: inlet pipe isjclear mrtg. 5. The -aistribuwrpropenindicate auf is preferablypf porcelain'and has Qn'its'lower' side an inverted coneshaped appendage x88 which serves to split the incoming liquid stream'.

The cone-shaped surface of appendage .88 spreads valve centered in all verticaladjustments.

Vertical adjustment vof the distributor 83 isef fected by raising the stem 86. The lower end of the stem 86 has attached thereto a short transverse pin 81. The porcelain distributor 83 has a slotted opening 88' in'the top thereof which is adapted to receive the lower end of the valve stem 86 and the transverse pin 81. To attach the stem to the distributor 83, the lpin on the lower end of the stem is inserted in the slot 83' inthe upper face of the distributor, rod 88 is pushed downwardly to the position shown in Fig. 5 and then given a quarter turn so that the pin 81 becomes seated in a recess 88. A short pin 88 is then inserted in one end of the slot 83 and driven down to the bottom of the recess 88. The pin 88 thus prevents the removal of the stem from the member 83. After the pin 88 is setin the i slot, the latter is filled with molten sulfur, which solidiiles and closes all open parts of the slot and the recess 88. After the rod 86 is secured in place, the lead apron 88 is arranged as shown in Fig. 5, and serves the double purpose of acting to protect the joint between the rod and the distributor member, and to split the gas stream entering the drying tower from the flue 6|.

The valve stem supporting plate is held in the position shown in Fig. 1 by three bracket members 96 having on their upper and lower ends the horizontally projectingI portions 91 which aiord means for connecting the brackets 98 to the ring 68 and the plate 85 respectively. The plate 85 is bored at the center to slidabiy receive and support the valve stem 88. 'I'he upper end of the valve stem 88 is threaded into an internally threaded sleeve bearing on plate 85 and stem 88 is longitudinally slotte'd to receive a short the valve stem. A stuiiing box |88 is formed on the upper side of the inlet flue 6|, as shown in Fig. l, to provide for admission of the valve stem to the center of the gas ilue. The stuiiing box |88 is packed with any suitable material such as asbestos rope, to prevent the passage of gas therethrough.

In connection with Fig. 1, it will be recalled that the cone-shaped top member 85 is constructed with a lead lining 51. This lead lining is quite adaptable for use in apparatus where the gas being dried in the tower is treated with a comparatively weak acid. that is, an acid of a concentration of say somethingless than 66 B. When a stronger drying acid is used, such lead liningwould be unsuitable for use over an extended period of time because such lining would be slowly corroded, and accordingly require frequent shutting down of the apparatusfor the purpose of making necessary repairs. In circumstances whereit is desirable to usefa stronger dryingv acid',it, would benecessary to construct the cone top"85' of'"some material whichV is unaffected by the stronger acid. This diiliculty could be met by constructing; the todd-'iV of durirpn` or some suit able substance. whichis 1 substantially unaffected the cone topjliawould, in most instances, vary between 3 and 5 feet. It will thus be obvious that va -top member of such dimensions madeof durironor other resistant material would be a large item-of expense in the construction of the .towen 'To overcome this difiiculty, and still accomplish the objects of the invention, the modiiied form of the apparatus disclosed in Fig. 4 has been devised. The construction shown in Fig. 4 is such that substantially the `same dispersion of the gas and acid may be obtained in the tp of the tower without employing the full cone top as in Fig. 1.

Referring to Fig. 4, the general construction of the tower |88, the acid inlet pipe, the gas inlet flue, the distributing valve and the associated parts is substantially as already described in connection with Fig. 1. In. Fig. 4, the line D-D indicates approximately the upper surface of the packing in the tower. The cylindrical steel shell |85 is extended vertically upward and has afxed to its upper edge a horizontal iiange |88. The tower |88 is provided with a lead lining |81 similarly arranged as lining i5 in the tower I8. The lining |81 is extended to the top of the tower |88, and folded over to cover the upper surface of the ilange |86. The acid-proof bricks |88 are held in place by a layer of cement |88, interposed between the bricks |88 and the lead lining |81. The brickwork extends to the top of the tower. The upper end of the tower is provided with a manhole ||8 and an acid inlet pipe opening The interior of the casings forming the openings ||8 and is lead lined as described in connection with the openings 58 and 5|, of Fig. l. The linings in the manhole ||8 and the acid inlet pipe opening terminate in annular ilanges arranged to be clamped between the ilanges H2 and ||8 and the manhole cover Ill and the acid inlet pipe flange ||5. The pipe iiange ||5 is constructed similarly to the flange 56 of Fig. 1 except. ot course. that it is arranged 75 to be disposed at a right angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the inlet pipe 65' oi' Fig. 4. It will be observed that the inner end of the pipe 65' is held in place by a supporting 'nar 1l in the same manner asin the construction of Fig. 1.

The upper end of the drying chamber is closed oil' by the circular top Ill attached to the cylindrical section of the tower by a series of bolts H5. The cover III is provided at its center with an opening I2! formed by the short upwardly extending cylindrical portion .I2|, terminating in a horizontally disposed ilange |22. 'I'he underside of the top H8 is protected by the lead sheeting H8'. The inlet flue 5| is of the same configuration and construction as in Fig. l. and terminates at its lower end in the ange $2 which, as in Fig. 1, is clamped between the ange |22 and the ring Il.' Ring 55 and the ilange |22 are bolted together as indicated in the drawings. The construction of the distributing valve 82, the means for adjusting it, and the supporting plate `$5areasinFlg.1.

It will be recalled, with reference to Fig. l. that that portion of the lead lining between the points 5) and 5! forms a part of the gas inlet passage. In the construction of Fig. 4, this portion oi.' the gas passage having a constantly increasing cross-section is provided by the approximabely frusta-conical collar or conduit section |25. The section |25 includes a circular ange m'wnieh is adapted to be clamped between the ange |22 and the ring 5I, and thus held in the pomtion shown in Fig. 4. This conduit section i 25 is preferably made of duriron or some such material which is substantially unaected by strong acids.

For convenience, the operation of the improved apparatus will be described in connection with the drying of sulfurous gases prior to the utilization of the same in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Referring to lig. l in particular, the tower l0 is suitably packed in the manner familiar to those skilled in the art so that the top of the packing reaches to within a few inches of the top of the brickwork I5. All of the drying acid is introduced into the tower by gravity feed through the acid inlet pipe 55. The rate of ilowof acid into the pipe 55 may be regulated by a suitable valve, not shown, in the acid feed line. The gas ilue 5| is connected to a source of supply of sulfur dioxide containing gases. It will be understood, of course, that the tower l0 is simply one unit of an entire plant, comprising, as is known in the art, the usual sulfur burners or masters, gas puriers, heaters, converters, heat transferrers, absorbers, etc. For the purpose of example, it will be assumed that a comparatively weak acid is being used in drying the gas. Hence, the cone top as constructed in Fig. 1 with the lead lining 51 may be employed.

It will be observed that the gas inlet conduit 5| has a'normally comparatively large cross-section. However, the end of the conduit il diminish sharply in cross-section as it approaches the inlet of the cone top until at the actual point of connection with the inlet of the cone top 45, the conduit is of a minimum and materially restricted erom-section. The zone formed by the cone top 45, together with that comparatively small portion of the cylindrical tower above the packing therein, may conveniently be designated as a gas-distributing section, the horizontal crosssection of which increases at a rapid rate throughout substantially its entire vertical length. The combination of the gas inlet conduit 6| and the cone top t5 provides what may be considered a gas inlet passage, such passage having a constricted portion of a minimum cross-section at the joint between the ue 6| and the top of the cone top 65, or in other words at the tower inlet. It will be seen that the result of such construction is to produce a Venturi tube eiIect in the drying tower just above the packingl therein.V As is known generally, such a construction in a gas passage causes a gradual increase in velocity in the gas stream passing therethrough which reaches a maximum at th'e point of `minimum cross-section of the gas passage. As the crosssection of the gas passage again increases beyond the constriction, the velocity of the gas4 stream decreases, and the gas stream tends to expand rapidly with a correspondingly increased dispersion of the gas stream.

As previously explained, and as will be fully appreciated from a consideration of Fig. 5, the result of the construction of the distributing valve 82 audits relation with the outlet end of the acid pipe 55 is such as to eiect an introduction of acid into the tower in the form of a coneshaped sheet in an instance where no gas is passing the constricted portion of the gas passage. The quantity of liquid in the liquid sheet itself is dependent upon the adjustment of the valve l2 with respect to the end of the pipe 65. 'Ihe spread or horizontal dimension of the cone of liquid or acid is such that the liquid sheet intersects substantially the entire gas stream when gas is. passing the inlet into the tower.

` In practice, gas to be treated, `particularly where the invention is utilized in the drying of sulfurous gases, passes through the most constricted section of the gas inlet passage at a velocity varying between say 40 and 100 linear feet per second. The valve 82 is adjusted so as to admit the desired quantity of acid necessary to dry gas passing through the tower. It will be noted that the distributing valve is located substantially in the most restricted portion of the gas inlet passage. When both acid and gas are owing, the velocity of the gas stream is greatest at the most restricted portion of the gas passage, and substantially immediately on contact of the gas stream and the acid, thecone of acid is broken up into a very iine spray, and the particles of acid in the form of spray are dispersed and spread out evenly through the entire cross-section of the gas stream. This thorough admixture of liquid and gas is further materially promoted by the constantly increasing cross-section of the gas stream as the same expands during its passage through the cone-top. It is thus apparent that the invention is such that by the time the "gas and liquid strike the top layer of packing, the admixture of the two is so thorough and the dispersion of the liquid in the gas so complete that the liquid and gas take substantially the form of a heavy mist. Once thisthorough admixture of gas and liquid is eiected, the two pass in co-iiow relation through the tower, passing down over the `packing into the acid and gas separation chamber beneath the grille bars. Here the acid and gas separate. the gas leaving the tower through the outlets 26 and 2l and the acid draining out of the tower through outlets 2l, 25, and 30.

In the present invention, the gas leaving the tower Ill may be passed through two scrubbing towers, not shown, scrubber connected to each outlet 25 and 21 of arranged in parallel,r one f the drying tower. The gas passes upwardly through the scrubbers which are each of suitable vertical dimensions and suitably packed to aiord suiiicient opportunity for the separstion of entrained particles of liquid from thegas stream leaving the drying tower i0.

During the process of formation of the mixlfurther on in the process after detrimental re suits were already incurred.

The operation of the apparatus during the em` ployment of the equipment disclosed in Fig. 4 is substantially the same Vas that already described in connection with Fig. 1. As noted, the primary purpose of the construction shown in Fig. 4 is the elimination of the necessity of utilizing a cone Fig. 1.

top made loi some expensive resistant material such as duriron. Where a strong drying acid is used, the employment of some such material is necessary because the lead lining 51 of Fig. 1 would not be suilciently resistant to the action of the stronger acid. The most constricted portion of the gas inlet passage in Fig. 4 is at ther joint between the llue 6I and the collar or conduit section |25, or in other words, at the inlet of the tower, the same as in the construction oi 'I'he collar |25 extends down into the chamber ofthe tower sufficiently to fully initiate the admixture of liquid and gas which proceeds to completion in a gas-distributing section of generally conical form (substantially the same as in Fig. 1) and above the packing and before the mixture of gas and liquid reaches what may be termed the body portion of the tower or reaction chamber.

The underside of the top Ill and the inside of the casings forming the manhole lill and the acid inlet pipe opening ill are surliciently protected by a lead lining as there is no direct contact between these parts and the acidi and gas mixture. The inlet pipe 65 and the supporting bar 11 are made of duriron or somefsimilar resistant material as inthe construction of Fig. 1. As in the apparatus of Fig. l, conditions within the mixing zone above the packing stacked in the chamber may be readily observed through sight glasses suitably arranged about the circumference of the upper end of the shell.

I claim:

l. Apparatus for forming an intimate mixture of a gas and a liquid comprising a chamber having an inlet for the introduction of a stream oi' gas into the chamber, a gas inlet conduit oi diminishing cross-section connected to the chamber inlet, a gas distributing section interposed between the chamberinlet and the body of the chamber, said distributing section having an increasing cross-section and forming with the inlet conduit a gas inlet passage to the chamberhaving a constricted portion, and neans for introducing a liquid into the chamber including a liquid conduit terminating in a constricted portion ofthe gas inlet passage, and a distributing valve associated with the end of the liquid conduit cooperating therewith to form a sheet of liquid intcrsecting the stream of gas passing the inlet.

2. Apparatus for forming an intimate mixture of a gas and a liquid comprising 'a chamber having an inlet for the introduction`of a stream of gas into the chamber, a gas inlet conduit of diminishing cross-section connected to the chamber inlet, a cone-shaped top interposed between the chamber inlet and the body of the chamber, said top forming a distributing section of increasing cross-section and forming with the inlet conduit a gas inlet passage having a constricted portion, means for introducing liquid into the chamber including a liquid conduit terminating in a constricted portion of the gas inlet passage, and a distributing valve asso'ciated with the end of the liquid conduit cooperating therewith to form a sheet of liquid intersecting the stream of gas passing the inlet.

3. Apparatus for forming an intimate mixture of a gas and a liquid comprising a chamber having an inlet for the introduction of a stream of gas into the chamber, a gas inlet conduit of diminishing cross-section connected to the chamber inlet, a collar interposed between the chamber inlet and the body of the chamber, said collar having an increasing cross-section and forming with the inlet conduit a gas inlet passage having a constricted portion, means for introducing a. f

liquid into the chamber including a liquidV conduit terminating in a constricted portion of the gas inlet passage, and a distributing valve associated with the -,end of the liquid conduit cooperating therewithf to form a sheet of liquid intersecting the stream of gas passing the inlet.

4. Apparatus ior'forming an intimate mixture of gas `and liquid comprising a chamber having an inlet for introduction of a stream of gas into the chamber, a gas inlet conduit of diminishing cross-section connected to the chamber inlet, a gas distributing section interposed between the chamber inlet and the body of the chamber, said distributing section having an increasing crosssection and forming with the inlet conduit a gas inlet passage to the chamber having a constricted portion, means for introducing a. liquid into the chamber including a liquid conduit terminating in a constricted portion of the gas passage, and an adjustable distributing valve associated with l the liquid conduit outlet cooperating therewith to form a cone-shaped sheet of liquid intersecting the stream of gas passing the inlet and having the apex of said liquid sheet directed toward the chamber inlet.

5. Apparatus for effecting intimate contact of gas and liquid comprising a chamber, an inlet of materially restricted cross-sectional area at one end of the chamber for introduction oi a stream of gas into the chamber, said chamber body proper having a cross-sectional area many times larger than that of said inlet and having a substantial longitudinal dimension, packing material in said body proper, a gas inlet conduit connected to the chamber inlet, a gas distributing section interposed between the chamber inlet and the chamber body proper, said distributing section having a substantially increasing cross-sectional area and extending for a substantial distance between the chamber inlet and said packing in the body proper, said distributing section forming with the chamber inlet a gas inlet passage having a substantially constricted portion, means for forming a dispersion of liquid particles in gas in said gas distributing section including a liquid conduit terminating at a constricted portion of the gas inlet passage, means associated with the conduit for forming a body of liquid substantially in the form of a sheet of liquid intersecting a stream of gas entering the chamber, and .means for separately withdrawing gas and liquid, after passage through said packing in the 'chamber body proper, from the opposite end of said chamber.

6.. Apparatus-for eecting intimate contact of gas and liquid comprising a chamber having an inlet for the introduction of a stream of gas into the chambena gas inlet conduit of diminishing cross-'section connected to the chamber inlet, said chamber body proper having a cross-sectional area many times larger than that `ci.' said inlet and having a substantial longitudinaldimension, l

packing material in said body proper, a gas distributing section interposed between the chamber inlet and the body of the chamber, and extending for a substantial distance between the chamber inlet and said packing in the body proper, said section and forming with the inlet conduit a gas distributing 'section'having an increasing crossinlet passage to the chamber having a constricted BERNARD MQCAR'mR. 

